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calculus 3

Parametric Curves

From y=f(x) to parametric equations, including self-intersection and point-by-point graph construction.

Calculus of the Curves

Tangent lines, second derivatives, concavity, and arc length for parametric curves.

Polar Coordinate

Definition of polar coordinates and conversion formulas with Cartesian coordinates

3D Coordinate

Three-dimensional coordinates, implicit functions, distance formulas, and spheres

Vectors in 3D

3D vectors, magnitude, standard basis vectors, and unit vectors

Dot Product

Definition, algebraic properties, angle formula, geometric meaning, and projections

Cross Product

Definition via determinant, geometric meaning, area formula, and scalar triple product

Lines and Planes

Parametric equations of lines in 3D, line segments as linear combinations, and equations of planes using normal vectors

Cylinders and Quadratic Surfaces

Cylinders as extruded curves in 3D, and the six standard quadric surfaces obtained by reducing a general second-degree equation via completing the square

Vector-Valued Functions

Vector-valued functions as maps from R to R^n, space curves, limits, continuity, and finding intersection curves

Calculus of Vector-Valued Functions

Derivative, tangent vectors, product rules, and component-wise integration for vector-valued functions

Arc Length and Curvature

Arc length of 3D vector-valued functions, arc-length parameter, and an optional introduction to curvature and torsion

Functions of Several Variables

Scalar-valued functions of two variables, their domains and graphs, level sets, and standard 3D examples.

Limits and Continuity for Several Variables

Epsilon-delta limits in one and two variables, path tests, continuity, and examples that show how to prove or disprove multivariable limits.

Partial Derivatives

A refresher on single-variable derivatives, partial derivatives of functions of two variables, higher partials, mixed-partial symmetry, and geometric intuition.

Tangent Plane and Linear Approximation

The tangent line in one variable, tangent planes for functions of two variables, and how linear approximation leads to differentiability.

Chain Rule - Several Variables

Chain rule for one- and two-parameter compositions, polar coordinates, implicit differentiation, and interactive examples.